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:''Common names: asp, asp viper,〔Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.〕 European asp,〔(''Vipera aspis'' ) at (Munich AntiVenom INdex )〕 aspic viper,〔Street D. 1979. ''The Reptiles of Northern and Central Europe''. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 268 pp. ISBN 0-7134-1374-3.〕 more.'' ''Vipera aspis'' is a venomous viper species found in southwestern Europe. Bites from this species can be more severe than from the European adder, ''V. berus''; not only can they be very painful, but also about 4% of all untreated bites are fatal.〔 The specific epithet, ''aspis'', is a Greek word that means "viper."〔Gotch AF. 1986. ''Reptiles – Their Latin Names Explained''. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp. ISBN 0-7137-1704-1.〕 Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here. ==Description== The species grows to an average total length of . Males reach a maximum total length of , females rarely more than . Males, however, are a little slimmer than females. The tail is very short: one-seventh to one-ninth of total body length in females, and one-sixth to one-eighth in males.〔 The head is broad, triangular and quite distinct from the neck. The tip of the snout is slightly but distinctly upturned. The rostral scale is generally higher than it is wide, touching 2 to 3 scales on the upper side of the snout. Dorsally, the snout is flat with distinct and slightly raised sharp margins. The nasal scale is single (hardly ever divided) and separated from the rostral by a single nasorostral scale. The crown is covered with numerous small and irregular scales of different sizes that are mostly smooth, but sometimes slightly keeled. Frontal and parietal scales are usually not present, but if so, they are small and irregularly shaped, with the frontal separated from the supraoculars by 2 scale rows. The supraocular scales are large and distinct, separated by 4–7 scale rows. There are 10–12 (rarely 8–18) small circumorbital scales below the supraocular. The eye is separated from the supralabials by 2 (rarely 3) scale rows. The vertical diameter of the eye is about the same as the distance between the eye and the mouth. There are 9–13 supralabials. The 4th–5th supralabials (rarely 4th–6th or 5th–6th) are separated from the eye by 2 (rarely 3) rows of small scales, but sometimes there is a single scale between the 4th supralabial and the eye. Generally, the temporal scales are smooth, but sometimes slightly keeled.〔 Midbody, there are 21–23 (rarely 19 or 25) rows of dorsal scales. These are strongly keeled, except for the outermost rows that vary and are sometimes smooth. There are 134–170 ventral scales. Subspecies ''V. a. aspis'' averages fewer than 150 ventrals, while ''V. a. atra'' averages more. The anal scale is single. Males have 32–49 subcaudals, females 30–43.〔 The subcaudal scales are paired.〔 The dorsal markings vary strongly, but only rarely take the form of a clear zigzag, as in ''V. berus''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vipera aspis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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